Articles: treatment.
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Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol · Aug 1991
Comparative StudyInduction of labour in nulliparas with poor cervical score: oxytocin or prostaglandin vaginal pessaries?
In a previous study nulliparas with poor cervical score (less than 5 out of 10) had a 43.5% Caesarean section (CS) rate of which 55% were for failed induction when labour was induced by artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin infusion. In this study induction of labour by 2 doses of 3 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) vaginal pessaries, 4 hours apart, and if necessary by artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin infusion 24 hours later, resulted in a CS rate of 23.7% of which 38.9% were for failed induction. The latter regimen resulted in a significantly lower CS rate compared with labour induced by oxytocin infusion and rupture of membranes without the use of prostaglandins (p less than 0.001). ⋯ In those who did not start labour and needed rupture of membranes and oxytocin infusion 24 hours after the first pessary, 34 (47.9%) had a good cervical score (greater than or equal to 6 out of 10) and 37 (52.1%) had a poor cervical score (less than or equal to 5 out of 10) at the time of amniotomy. The CS rates in these groups were 8.8% and 48.6% respectively (p less than 0.001). In nulliparas with poor cervical score induction is better performed with vaginal prostaglandin pessaries in order to reduce the high CS rate associated with artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin infusion.
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Deficits in self help skills are an inevitable problem with the mentally handicapped. The acquisition of self-help skills, learned effortlessly by more intelligent children, is a crucial aspect of the overall development of the mentally handicapped child. ⋯ Thirty two per cent of mothers reported complete skill learning. The problems encountered in the course of training and the subsequent evaluation of its efficacy are discussed.
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Brazil has one of the highest rates of caesarean section in the world. Patterns of caesarean sections were studied in a cohort of 5960 mothers followed from 1982 to 1986 in southern Brazil. ⋯ Socioeconomic status and requests for sterilisation by tubal ligation were important underlying factors. 9.4% of the women were sterilised during a caesarean section (3.7% in the lowest income group and 20.2% in the highest). 31% of women who had had their first child by a caesarean section and who were having a second operative delivery were sterilised. The high rates of caesarean sections and accompanying sterilisations reflect the lack of appropriate reproductive and contraceptive policies in the country.
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The incidence, pathogenesis, staging, and treatment of endometriosis are reviewed, with an emphasis on pharmacologic management of this condition. Endometriosis--the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue--can be found in 15-25% of infertile women and may be found in 1-5% of all women between menarche and menopause. Although the pathogenesis of endometriosis is uncertain, the most tenable etiologic theory is a combination of celomic metaplasia and retrograde menstruation. ⋯ The most common adverse effect associated with nafarelin therapy is hot flashes. The GnRH agonist nafarelin is as effective as danazol or oral contraceptives for the treatment of endometriosis and causes fewer adverse reactions. GnRH agonists may replace danazol as the treatment of choice in patients with endometriosis.
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Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in developing countries. In recent years, a (cost-)effective intervention has been developed in the national programmes of Tanzania and other developing countries. HIV transmission in populations with a high background prevalence of tuberculosis infection will increase the incidence of tuberculosis disease substantially. World Health Organization and World Bank are currently formulating new strategies to revitalise the global efforts against tuberculosis.