Articles: opioid.
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Opioid
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J Pain Symptom Manage · Apr 2016
Association Between Tobacco Use, Symptom Expression, Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use in Advanced Cancer Patients.
Limited knowledge exists examining the association between smoking status, symptom expression, and alcohol or illicit drug use. ⋯ In advanced cancer, patients who were former or current smokers were significantly more likely to have a history of CAGE positivity and illicit drug use compared with never smokers. Current smokers expressed significantly higher pain. A smoking history may be a marker of an increased risk of opioid misuse.