Articles: pain.
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Subcutaneous administrations of naloxone and naltrexone have already been shown to enhance nociceptive reactions in mice. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of N-methyl-naloxone and N-methylnaltrexone on nociception using the hot plate test (dose range: 0.3 to 30 mg kg-1s.c.). The latter compounds were selected to differentiate the central and peripheral components of hyperalgesia. ⋯ Further, N-methylnaloxone and N-methylnaltrexone were very weak in precipitating the signs of abstinence in mice rendered acutely dependent on morphine. Two factors, poorer penetration into the CNS and steric hindrance, might render the N-methylated antagonists weak. Hence, both these factors should be considered when interpreting the effects after quaternary derivatives of opioid antagonists.
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Methods available for the relief of postoperative pain are reviewed. The use of intermittent injections of morphine is likely to remain the established method and suggestions are made for its more effective use. Newer methods are discussed in terms of their expense and the effects on medical and nursing workload. It is suggested that nurses trained in pain relief methods could greatly improve the relief of pain following operation.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Zomepirac, placebo and paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene combination compared in orthopaedic postoperative pain.