Articles: mortality.
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Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria are used in combination to define chronic kidney disease, but their separate and combined effects on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality have not been studied in the general population. The linked mortality file of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey includes data from 13 years of follow-up (1988-2000) for 14,586 US adults. The authors estimated GFR from standardized serum creatinine levels. ⋯ When estimated GFR and albuminuria were examined simultaneously, a 10-ml/minute/1.73 m(2) lower estimated GFR (among persons with estimated GFR <60 ml/minute/1.73 m(2)) was associated with an IRR of 1.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.55) for cardiovascular mortality and a doubling of albuminuria was associated with an IRR of 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.08) for cardiovascular mortality. The authors conclude that moderately decreased estimated GFR and albuminuria independently predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population. These data support recent recommendations defining chronic kidney disease and stratifying subsequent risks based on both decreased GFR and albuminuria.
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Betel nut chewing is related to several kinds of cancer, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Whether it is associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality, however, remains unclear. ⋯ Betel nut chewing was independently associated with a greater risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in Taiwanese men. Regular screening for betel nut chewing history may help prevent excess deaths in the future. An anti-betel nut chewing program is urgently warranted for current chewers.
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This report presents final 2005 data on U.S. deaths, death rates, life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality, and trends by selected characteristics such as age, sex, Hispanic origin, race, marital status, educational attainment, injury at work, state of residence, and cause of death. ⋯ Generally, mortality patterns in 2005, such as the age-adjusted death rate declining to a record historical low, were consistent with long-term trends. Life expectancy in 2005 remained the same as that in 2004.
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Counties are the smallest unit for which mortality data are routinely available, allowing consistent and comparable long-term analysis of trends in health disparities. Average life expectancy has steadily increased in the United States but there is limited information on long-term mortality trends in the US counties This study aimed to investigate trends in county mortality and cross-county mortality disparities, including the contributions of specific diseases to county level mortality trends. ⋯ There was a steady increase in mortality inequality across the US counties between 1983 and 1999, resulting from stagnation or increase in mortality among the worst-off segment of the population. Female mortality increased in a large number of counties, primarily because of chronic diseases related to smoking, overweight and obesity, and high blood pressure.