Articles: brain-injuries.
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In this retrospective study about 101 patients, two groups of patients are compared in order to find out the most significant factors affecting survival after an acute, posttraumatic subdural hematoma (ASDH) of patients older than 60 years. Solitary ASDH in people older than 60 years showed an advantage in terms of survival. Additional traumas to the brain, chest or the blood circulatory system doubled the lethality rate of people older than 60 years. ⋯ A prognostic advantage on the contrary could be observed by patients older than 60 years whose ASDH was caused by a ruptured bridging vein. Most of the ASDH in older people occurred after falling down steps. Some patients fell according to an epileptic attack of an intracerebral bleeding after an anticoagulation therapy.
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Brain injuries caused by airguns are serious. The optimal management is wound exploration, excision of contaminated tissues and removal of loose bone fragments. ⋯ Removal of the pellet is desirable only if easily accessible. We report five cases, of which four survived without deficits and one remained severely handicapped.
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Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a serious complication associated with various central nervous system insults. Experimental and clinical data support the occurrence of pulmonary edema as a result of neurogenic factors. ⋯ The pathophysiology of this disease is not well understood. We discuss the current theories of NPE, its signs and symptoms, and the nursing management for patients with NPE.
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Journal of neurosurgery · Nov 1989
S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase in CSF after experimental traumatic or focal ischemic brain damage.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of brain damage are potentially capable of providing quantitative information about the extent of certain neurological injury. The presence of such markers in CSF after brain damage is transient and it is essential to understand their kinetics if they are to be used in clinical practice. In the present study, the CSF concentrations of two neurospecific proteins. ⋯ The increase and decrease in S-100 and NSE levels in CSF was slower after MCA occlusion; a peak was seen after 2 to 4 days. Furthermore, S-100 was generally higher than NSE after trauma, whereas after MCA occlusion the NSE concentration was slightly higher than the S-100 value. These results support the use of CSF markers for estimation of the extent of brain damage in experimental models and forms a basis for the understanding of their kinetics, which is important for their use in clinical practice.