• Carrie D Patnode, Leslie A Perdue, Megan Rushkin, Tracy Dana, Ian Blazina, Christina Bougatsos, Sara Grusing, Elizabeth A O'Connor, Rongwei Fu, and Roger Chou.
• Kaiser Permanente Evidence-based Practice Center, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon.
• JAMA. 2020 Jun 9; 323 (22): 2310-2328.

ImportanceIllicit drug use is among the most common causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the US.ObjectiveTo systematically review the literature on screening and interventions for drug use to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force.Data SourcesMEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through September 18, 2018; literature surveillance through September 21, 2019.Study SelectionTest accuracy studies to detect drug misuse and randomized clinical trials of screening and interventions to reduce drug use.Data Extraction And SynthesisCritical appraisal and data abstraction by 2 reviewers and random-effects meta-analyses.Main Outcomes And MeasuresSensitivity, specificity, drug use and other health, social, and legal outcomes.ResultsNinety-nine studies (N = 84 206) were included. Twenty-eight studies (n = 65 720) addressed drug screening accuracy. Among adults, sensitivity and specificity of screening tools for detecting unhealthy drug use ranged from 0.71 to 0.94 and 0.87 to 0.97, respectively. Interventions to reduce drug use were evaluated in 52 trials (n = 15 659) of psychosocial interventions, 7 trials (n = 1109) of opioid agonist therapy, and 13 trials (n = 1718) of naltrexone. Psychosocial interventions were associated with increased likelihood of drug use abstinence (15 trials, n = 3636; relative risk [RR], 1.60 [95% CI, 1.24 to 2.13]; absolute risk difference [ARD], 9% [95% CI, 5% to 15%]) and reduced number of drug use days (19 trials, n = 5085; mean difference, -0.49 day in the last 7 days [95% CI, -0.85 to -0.13]) vs no psychosocial intervention at 3- to 4-month follow-up. In treatment-seeking populations, opioid agonist therapy and naltrexone were associated with decreased risk of drug use relapse (4 trials, n = 567; RR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.59 to 0.82]; ARD, -35% [95% CI, -67% to -3%] and 12 trials, n = 1599; RR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.62 to 0.85]; ARD, -18% [95% CI, -26% to -10%], respectively) vs placebo or no medication. While evidence on harms was limited, it indicated no increased risk of serious adverse events.Conclusions And RelevanceSeveral screening instruments with acceptable sensitivity and specificity are available to screen for drug use, although there is no direct evidence on the benefits or harms of screening. Pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions are effective at improving drug use outcomes, but evidence of effectiveness remains primarily derived from trials conducted in treatment-seeking populations.

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