• Constance A Mara, Susmita Kashikar-Zuck, Natoshia Cunningham, Kenneth R Goldschneider, Bin Huang, Carlton Dampier, David D Sherry, Lori Crosby, Farrell MillerJenniferJCounseling and Psychological Services, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida., Kimberly Barnett, and Esi M Morgan.
• Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Electronic address: Constance.Mara@cchmc.org.
• J Pain. 2021 Jan 1; 22 (1): 485648-56.

AbstractThe goal of the current study was to enhance the measurement of the pediatric chronic pain experience through a methodologically rigorous approach. This paper outlines the development and initial validation of a pain intensity measure for pediatric patients with chronic pain using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System methodology. Measure development incorporated feedback from children with painful conditions. Based on input from pediatric participants and content experts, 4 candidate items assessing pain intensity were included for large scale testing. Children completed self-report items pertaining to their pain experience that were developed as part of a larger pool of new candidate Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System pediatric pain domain items as well as measures of pain interference, depressive symptoms, fatigue, pain behavior, pain intensity, and pain catastrophizing. The final sample for the large scale testing included N = 442 pediatric patients between the ages 8 to 18 years (Mean age = 13.54, Standard Deviation = 2.78; 71.27% female) experiencing chronic pain. Psychometric analysis resulted in a final measure that included 3 items with evidence of reliability (Cronbach alpha = .82) and convergent validity. The Likert format of the response options may be preferable to the traditional numeric rating scale for use in pediatric populations who experience chronic pain based on patients' feedback, which was directly utilized in designing the scale. Further, the inclusion of fewer and clinically meaningful response options should reduce ambiguity for young respondents. PERSPECTIVE: We have developed and evaluated a clinically sensitive and psychometrically precise 3-item pain intensity measure with Likert-type responses for self-report use among children and adolescents ages 8 to 18 years with chronic pain. Development of the item content and response options included input from children and adolescents with chronic pain. The development of pain intensity items with pediatric appropriate language, and labeled, fewer response options to yield maximal clinically meaningful information improves the precision of pain intensity measurement in children.Copyright © 2020 United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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