• Rajiv S Vasudevan, Yu Horiuchi, Francesca J Torriani, Bruno Cotter, Sofie M Maisel, Sanjeet S Dadwal, Robert Gaynes, and Alan S Maisel.
• Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla. Electronic address: rvasudev@health.ucsd.edu.
• Am. J. Med. 2020 Oct 1; 133 (10): 114311501143-1150.

AbstractThe stethoscope has long been at the center of patient care, as well as a symbol of the physician-patient relationship. While advancements in other diagnostic modalities have allowed for more efficient and accurate diagnosis, the stethoscope has evolved in parallel to address the needs of the modern era of medicine. These advancements include sound visualization, ambient noise reduction/cancellation, Bluetooth (Bluetooth SIG Inc, Kirkland, Wash) transmission, and computer algorithm diagnostic support. However, despite these advancements, the ever-changing climate of infection prevention, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, has led many to question the stethoscope as a vector for infectious diseases. Stethoscopes have been reported to harbor bacteria with contamination levels comparable with a physician's hand. Although disinfection is recommended, stethoscope hygiene compliance remains low. In addition, disinfectants may not be completely effective in eliminating microorganisms. Despite these risks, the growing technological integration with the stethoscope continues to make it a highly valuable tool. Rather than casting our valuable tool and symbol of medicine aside, we must create and implement an effective method of stethoscope hygiene to keep patients safe.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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