• Marko Munih, Pavla Obreza, Janez Scaron Ega, Tadej Bajd, and Rajmond Savrin.
• Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana and Institute for Rehablitation, Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
• Neuromodulation. 2004 Jan 1;7(1):48-55.

AbstractThe objective of the study was a quantitative examination of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) exercise in simultaneous combination with FES of lower extremity muscles in comparison to voluntary movement, training with PNF alone, or training with FES alone. Two subjects were monitored during a one-month rehabilitation period. The PNF pattern included flexion, adduction, and external rotation of the hip, knee flexion, and dorsiflexion with inversion of the ankle, a pattern similar to the swing phase of walking. Quantitative measurements were conducted by using goniometers on the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Major changes were found in the hip angle. Improvements in goniograms were greatest during the first week, smaller during the second week, and showed only a slight positive trend in the last two weeks. The measurements made two months after the start of training showed somewhat lower values in comparison to previous sessions.

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