• Richard Berger, Werner Rath, Harald Abele, Yves Garnier, Ruben-J Kuon, and Holger Maul.
• Marienhaus Klinikum St. Elisabeth, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Neuwied; University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Tübingen University Hospital, Center for Women's Health, Tübingen; Klinikum Osnabrück GmbH, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osnabrück; Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg; Asklepios Kliniken Barmbek, Wandsbek und Nord-Heidberg, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hamburg.
• Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019 Dec 13; 116 (50): 858864858-864.

BackgroundThe preterm birth rate in Germany has remained unchanged at 8-9% since 2009. Preterm birth is the most common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. In the absence of a causal treatment, it is important to lower the risk of preterm birth by preventive measures in prenatal outpatient care.MethodsThis review is based on pertinent publications from the years 2000-2019 that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed.ResultsThe clinical risk factors for preterm birth-known mainly from retrospective cohort studies-include previous preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.6), multiple pregnancy (relative risk [RR]: 7.7), nicotine consumption (aOR: 1.7), and a short uterine cervix, i.e., <25 mm in the second trimester (aOR: 6.9). In women with a short cervix, vaginally administered progesterone significantly lowers the preterm birth rate (22.5% vs. 14.1% for birth before 33 weeks of gestation, RR: 0.62; 95% confidence interval [0.47; 0.81]). Nicotine abstinence is associated with a lower pre- term birth rate as well (aOR: 0.91; [0.88; 0,.94]), while working more than 40 hours per week (aOR: 1.25; [1,.01; 1,.54]) and heavy lifting during pregnancy (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.43; [1.13; 1.80]) are associated with a higher preterm birth rate. Avoidance of physical exertion, or bed rest, in the face of impending preterm birth does not lower the preterm birth rate, but it does increase the risk of complications, such as thromboembolism.ConclusionThe meticulous assessment and elimination of treatable risk factors at the outset of ambulatory prenatal care can help lower the preterm birth rate. Further velopment of causally directed treat- ments (e.g., changes of relevant environmental and epigenetic factors).

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