• Chiara Robba, Paola Rebora, Erika Banzato, Eveline J A Wiegers, Nino Stocchetti, David K Menon, Giuseppe Citerio, and Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury Participants and Investigators.
• Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Policlinico San Martino IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genova.
• Chest. 2020 Dec 1; 158 (6): 2292-2303.

BackgroundNo large prospective data, to our knowledge, are available on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Research QuestionTo evaluate the incidence, timing, and risk factors of VAP after TBI and its effect on patient outcome.Study Design And MethodsThis analysis is of the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury data set, from a large, multicenter, prospective, observational study including patients with TBI admitted to European ICUs, receiving mechanical ventilation for ≥ 48 hours and with an ICU length of stay (LOS) ≥ 72 hours. Characteristics of patients with VAP vs characteristics of patients without VAP were compared, and outcome was assessed at 6 months after injury by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended.ResultsThe study included 962 patients: 196 (20.4%) developed a VAP at a median interval of 5 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3-7 days) after intubation. Patients who developed VAP were younger (median age, 39.5 [IQR, 25-55] years vs 51 [IQR, 30-66] years; P < .001), with a higher incidence of alcohol abuse (36.6% vs 27.6%; P = .026) and drug abuse (10.1% vs 4.2%; P = .009), more frequent thoracic trauma (53% vs 43%; P = .014), and more episodes of respiratory failure during ICU stay (69.9% vs 28.1%; P < .001). Age (hazard ratio [HR], 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99; P = .001), chest trauma (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.03-1.90; P = .033), histamine-receptor antagonist intake (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.37-3.39; P = .001), and antibiotic prophylaxis (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.96; P = .026) were associated with the risk of VAP. Patients with VAP had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (median, 15 [IQR, 10-22] days vs 8 [IQR, 5-14] days; P < .001) and ICU LOS (median, 20 [IQR, 14-29] days vs 13 [IQR, 8-21] days; P < .001). However, VAP was not associated with increased mortality or worse neurological outcome. Overall mortality at 6 months was 22%.InterpretationVAP occurs less often than previously described in patients after TBI and has a detrimental effect on ICU LOS but not on mortality and neurological outcome.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02210221; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.Copyright © 2020 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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