• Shima Tabatabai and Nasser Simforoosh.
• Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
• Arch Iran Med. 2020 Jul 1; 23 (7): 469-479.

BackgroundThe aim of this paper is to present a synthesis of solutions for post-graduate medical education (PGME) and the health-care system in addressing challenges in relation to women's health.MethodsA critical review was conducted within three themes: women's health status, women's preferences for female physicians, and women in surgery. The study was conducted in two phases that consisted of an analysis of the trends of Iranian women's health and women's participation in PGME since 1979 followed by a thematic analysis to assess the current challenges and their implications on medical education.ResultsOur analysis revealed important trends and challenges. Since 1979, life expectancy has increased by 29% in Iranian women, while female adult mortality rate has decreased by 78%, and maternal mortality rate has decreased by 80%. The number of female medical specialists has increased by 933% , while the number of female subspecialists has increased by 1700%. According to our review, ten major challenges regarding women's health were identified: 1) Increase in chronic disease; 2) Increase in cancer cases; 3) Preference for same-gender physicians in sensitive procedures; 4) Delayed care-seeking due to lack of female surgeons; 5) Lack of gender-concordance in clinical settings; 6) Underestimating female surgeons' capabilities; 7) Female physicians' work-family conflicts; 8) Male-dominancy in surgical departments; 9) Women's under-representation in higher rank positions; and 10) Lack of women in academic leadership.ConclusionWe identified different solutions to bridge these gaps. Community-based education, Gender- concordant considerations, and empowering women in surgical departments could help medical education policy makers to address the challenges.© 2020 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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