• Lianping Zhao, Ying Wang, Yanbin Jia, Shuming Zhong, Yao Sun, Zhifeng Zhou, Zhongping Zhang, and Li Huang.
• Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China.
• J Affect Disord. 2016 May 1; 195: 21-31.

BackgroundDepression in the context of bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression (UD), leading to mistreatment and poor clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the similarities and differences in cerebellum between BD and UD.MethodsPatients with BD (n=35) and UD (n=30) during a depressive episode as well as 40 healthy controls underwent diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) and three dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D ASL). The DKI parameters including mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (Ka), radial kurtosis (Kr),fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (Da) and radial diffusivity (Dr) and 3D ASL parameters (i.e. cerebral blood flow) was measured by using regions-of-interest (ROIs) analysis in the superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP), middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP) and dentate nuclei (DN) of cerebellum.ResultsPatients with UD exhibited significant differences from controls for DKI measures in bilateral SCP and MCP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in bilateral SCP and left DN. Patients with BD exhibited significant differences from controls for DKI measures in the right MCP and left DN and CBF in the left DN. Patients with UD showed significantly lower MD values compared with patients with BD in the right SCP. Correlation analysis showed there were negative correlations between illness duration and MD and Dr values in the right SCP in UD.LimitationsThis study was cross-sectional and the sample size was not large. Parts of the patients included were under medication prior to MRI scanning.ConclusionsOur findings provide new evidence of microstructural changes in cerebellum in BD and UD. The two disorders may have overlaps in microstructural abnormality in MCP and DN during the depressive period. Microstructural abnormality in SCP may be a key neurobiological feature of UD.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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