• Joseph A Helpern, Vitria Adisetiyo, Maria F Falangola, Caixia Hu, Adriana Di Martino, Kathleen Williams, Francisco X Castellanos, and Jens H Jensen.
• Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. joseph.helpern@nyumc.org
• J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Jan 1; 33 (1): 17-23.

PurposeTo investigate non-Gaussian water diffusion using diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) to assess age effects on gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) microstructural changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to typically developing controls (TDC).Materials And MethodsIn this preliminary cross-sectional study, T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) and DKI images were acquired at 3T from TDC (n = 13) and adolescents with ADHD (n = 12). Regression analysis of the PFC region of interest (ROI) was conducted.ResultsTDC show a significant kurtosis increase of WM microstructural complexity from 12 to 18 years of age, particularly in the radial direction, whereas WM microstructure in ADHD is stagnant in both the axial and radial directions. In ADHD, GM microstructure also lacked a significant age-related increase in complexity as seen in TDC; only kurtosis measures were able to detect this difference.ConclusionThese findings support the prevailing theory that ADHD is a disorder affecting frontostriatal WM. Our study is the first to directly quantify an aberrant age-related trajectory in ADHD within GM microstructure, suggesting that the assessment of non-Gaussian directional diffusion using DKI provides more sensitive and complementary information about tissue microstructural changes than conventional diffusion imaging methods.Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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