• Philipp Kruppa, Iakovos Georgiou, Niklas Biermann, Lukas Prantl, Peter Klein-Weigel, and Mojtaba Ghods.
• Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Micro Surgery, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam; Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Angiology, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam.
• Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020 Jun 1; 117 (22-23): 396-403.

BackgroundLipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed; despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in the overall female population, its cause is still unknown. There is increasing awareness of this condition, but its differential diagnosis can still be challenging. In this article, we summarize current hypotheses on its pathogenesis and the recommendations of current guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment.MethodsThis review is based on publications about lipedema that were retrieved by a selective search in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases.ResultsThe pathophysiology of lipedema remains unclear. The putative causes that have been proposed include altered adipogenesis, microangiopathy, and disturbed lymphatic microcirculation. No specific biomarker has yet been found, and the diagnosis is currently made on clinical grounds alone. Ancillary tests are used only to rule out competing diagnoses. The state of the evidence on treatment is poor. Treatment generally consists of complex decongestive therapy. In observational studies, liposuction for the permanent reduction of adipose tissue has been found to relieve symptoms to a significant extent, with only rare complications. The statutory healthinsurance carriers in Germany do not yet regularly cover the cost of the procedure; studies of high methodological quality will be needed before this is the case.ConclusionThe diagnosis of lipedema remains a challenge because of the hetero - geneous presentation of the condition and the current lack of objective measuring instruments to characterize it. This review provides a guide to its diagnosis and treatment in an interdisciplinary setting. Research in this area should focus on the elucidation of the pathophysiology of lipedema and the development of a specific biomarker for it.

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