• Shinya Miura, Peter V Jardim, Warwick Butt, and Siva P Namachivayam.
• Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
• Pediatr Crit Care Me. 2020 Dec 1; 21 (12): e1119-e1125.

ObjectivesTo describe the prevalence and consequences of major adverse events secondary to extubation failure after neonatal cardiac surgery.DesignA single-center cohort study.SettingA medical-surgical, 30-bed PICU in Victoria, Australia.PatientsOne thousand one hundred eighty-eight neonates less than or equal to 28 days old who underwent cardiac surgery from January 2007 to December 2018.InterventionsNone.Measurements And Main ResultsExtubation failure was defined as unplanned reintubation within 72 hours after a planned extubation. Major adverse event was defined as one or more of cardiac arrest, emergency chest reopening, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or death within 72 hours after extubation. One hundred fifteen of 1,188 (9.7%) neonates had extubation failure. Hospital mortality was 17.4% and 2.0% in neonates with and without extubation failure. Major adverse event occurred in 12 of 115 reintubated neonates (10.4%). major adverse event included cardiac arrest (n = 10), chest reopening (n = 8), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 5), and death (n = 0). Cardiovascular compromise accounted for major adverse event in eight: ventricular dysfunction (n = 3), pulmonary overcirculation (n = 2), coronary ischemia (n = 2), cardiac tamponade (n = 1). In a multivariable logistic regression, factors associated with major adverse event were high complexity in cardiac surgery (odds ratio 5.9; 95% CI: 1.1-32.2) and airway anomaly (odds ratio 6.0; 95% CI: 1.1-32.6). Hospital morality was 25% and 17% in reintubated neonates with and without major adverse event.ConclusionsAround 10% of reintubated neonates suffered major adverse event within 72 hours of extubation. Neonates suffering major adverse event had high mortality. Major adverse event should be monitored and reported in future studies of extubation failure. Along with tracking of extubation failure rates, major adverse event secondary to extubation failure may also serve as a key performance indicator for ICUs and registries.

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