• Robert N Jorissen, Catherine Lang, Renuka Visvanathan, Maria Crotty, and Maria C Inacio.
• Registry of Senior Australians, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Rehabilitation, Aged and Extended Care, Flinders University, Rehabilitation Building, Flinders Medical Centre, Australia. Electronic address: Robert.Jorissen@sahmri.com.
• Bone. 2020 Jul 1; 136: 115327.

BackgroundHip fractures are associated with mortality, disability, and loss of independence in older adults. While several risk factors associated with poor outcomes following a hip fracture have been identified, the effect of frailty status prior to hip fracture is not well established.AimTo examine the associations of frailty with mortality, change in activities of daily living (ADL) limitations, and transition to permanent residential aged care in older people following a hip fracture.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted on people aged 65 years and older with a surgically treated hip fracture between 2003 and 2015. Frailty was estimated using a cumulative deficit-based frailty index and categorized into quartiles. Cox multivariable regression, logistic regression, and Fine-Gray multivariable regression models estimated associations of frailty with mortality, ADL limitations, and entry into permanent residential aged care, respectively. Hazard ratios (HR), odds ratios (OR), subdistribution hazard ratios (SHR), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) are reported.ResultsOut of 4771 individuals with hip fractures, 75.6% were female and the median age was 86 (interquartile range 82-90) years old. The two-year survival of patients following hip fracture was 43.7% (95%CI 40.9-46.7%) in those in the highest quartile of frailty, compared to 54.4% (95%CI 51.8-57.2%) for those in the lowest quartile (HR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.11-1.41, p < 0.001). No associations between pre-fracture frailty and post-fracture ADL limitations were observed. Additionally, no association of frailty with transition to permanent residential aged care for patients living in the community (n = 1361) was observed (SHR = 0.98, 95%CI 0.81-1.18, p = 1.000).ConclusionsOlder patients with the highest level of frailty had an increased risk of mortality after hip fracture. Consideration for appropriate clinical interventions, including fall and frailty prevention measures, may be appropriate for this identified group of vulnerable individuals.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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