• Franck Mauvais-Jarvis, Bairey MerzNoelNBarbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Peter J Barnes, Roberta D Brinton, Juan-Jesus Carrero, Dawn L DeMeo, Geert J De Vries, C Neill Epperson, Ramaswamy Govindan, Sabra L Klein, Amedeo Lonardo, Pauline M Maki, Louise D McCullough, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, Judith G Regensteiner, Joshua B Rubin, Kathryn Sandberg, and Ayako Suzuki.
• Diabetes Discovery & Sex-Based Medicine Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology, John W Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: fmauvais@tulane.edu.
• Lancet. 2020 Aug 22; 396 (10250): 565582565-582.

AbstractClinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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