• Joel Shapiro, van LanschotJ Jan BJJBDepartment of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands., HulshofMaarten C C MMCCMDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Pieter van Hagen, Mark I van Berge Henegouwen, WijnhovenBas P LBPLDepartment of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands., van LaarhovenHanneke W MHWMDepartment of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands., NieuwenhuijzenGrard A PGAPDepartment of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands., HospersGeke A PGAPDepartment of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands., Johannes J Bonenkamp, Miguel A Cuesta, BlaisseReinoud J BRJBDepartment of Medical Oncology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands., BuschOlivier R CORCDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Ten KateFiebo J WFJWDepartment of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands., CreemersGeert-Jan MGMDepartment of Medical Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands., PuntCornelis J ACJADepartment of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands., PlukkerJohn Th MJTMDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands., VerheulHenk M WHMWDepartment of Medical Oncology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands., BilgenErnst J SpillenaarEJSDepartment of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands., Herman van Dekken, van der SangenMaurice J CMJCDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands., Tom Rozema, Katharina Biermann, Jannet C Beukema, PietAnna H MAHMDepartment of Radiation Oncology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Caroline M van Rij, Janny G Reinders, Hugo W Tilanus, Ewout W Steyerberg, Ate van der Gaast, and CROSS study group.
• Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: j.shapiro@erasmusmc.nl.
• Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep 1; 16 (9): 1090-1098.

BackgroundInitial results of the ChemoRadiotherapy for Oesophageal cancer followed by Surgery Study (CROSS) comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction showed a significant increase in 5-year overall survival in favour of the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group after a median of 45 months' follow-up. In this Article, we report the long-term results after a minimum follow-up of 5 years.MethodsPatients with clinically resectable, locally advanced cancer of the oesophagus or oesophagogastric junction (clinical stage T1N1M0 or T2-3N0-1M0, according to the TNM cancer staging system, sixth edition) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio with permuted blocks of four or six to receive either weekly administration of five cycles of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (intravenous carboplatin [AUC 2 mg/mL per min] and intravenous paclitaxel [50 mg/m(2) of body-surface area] for 23 days) with concurrent radiotherapy (41·4 Gy, given in 23 fractions of 1·8 Gy on 5 days per week) followed by surgery, or surgery alone. The primary endpoint was overall survival, analysed by intention-to-treat. No adverse event data were collected beyond those noted in the initial report of the trial. This trial is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, number NTR487, and has been completed.FindingsBetween March 30, 2004, and Dec 2, 2008, 368 patients from eight participating centres (five academic centres and three large non-academic teaching hospitals) in the Netherlands were enrolled into this study and randomly assigned to the two treatment groups: 180 to surgery plus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and 188 to surgery alone. Two patients in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group withdrew consent, so a total of 366 patients were analysed (178 in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 188 in the surgery alone group). Of 171 patients who received any neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in this group, 162 (95%) were able to complete the entire neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimen. After a median follow-up for surviving patients of 84·1 months (range 61·1-116·8, IQR 70·7-96·6), median overall survival was 48·6 months (95% CI 32·1-65·1) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 24·0 months (14·2-33·7) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·68 [95% CI 0·53-0·88]; log-rank p=0·003). Median overall survival for patients with squamous cell carcinomas was 81·6 months (95% CI 47·2-116·0) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 21·1 months (15·4-26·7) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·48 [95% CI 0·28-0·83]; log-rank p=0·008); for patients with adenocarcinomas, it was 43·2 months (24·9-61·4) in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery group and 27·1 months (13·0-41·2) in the surgery alone group (HR 0·73 [95% CI 0·55-0·98]; log-rank p=0·038).InterpretationLong-term follow-up confirms the overall survival benefits for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy when added to surgery in patients with resectable oesophageal or oesophagogastric junctional cancer. This improvement is clinically relevant for both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma subtypes. Therefore, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy according to the CROSS trial followed by surgical resection should be regarded as a standard of care for patients with resectable locally advanced oesophageal or oesophagogastric junctional cancer.FundingDutch Cancer Foundation (KWF Kankerbestrijding).Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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