• Ainhoa Oñatibia-Astibia, Amaia Malet-Larrea, Miguel Ángel Gastelurrutia, Begoña Calvo, and Estibaliz Goyenechea.
• Official Pharmacist Association of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain.
• J Eval Clin Pract. 2021 Apr 1; 27 (2): 451-463.

IntroductionNon-adherence is a major problem among patients with chronic diseases. Community pharmacists are ideally positioned to detect non-adherence and to provide patient-centred interventions.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of the impact of community pharmacist interventions on patient adherence to lipid lowering medication (LLM) prescriptions and clinical outcomes.Search MethodFive databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge) were searched systematically to identify relevant reports published by December 2019. Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2.0) tool.Selection CriteriaControlled trials in which community pharmacists conducted an intervention to improve patient adherence to LLM and clinical outcomes were evaluated.Main ResultsFive studies (2408 participants) were included in the qualitative analysis. Four studies (n = 2266) were pooled in the meta-analysis. Participants in the intervention group (IG) had better adherence than those in the control group (CG) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38-2.02; P < 0.001; I2 = 54%]. Better adherence rates were obtained when adherence was measured with validated questionnaires than when medication-possession ratio (MPR) measurements were used. Total cholesterol (TC) levels were not included in the meta-analysis due to data variability among the studies.ConclusionsPharmacist-led intervention can improve LLM adherence, but its influence on clinical outcomes, including lipid level control, remains to be clarified.© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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