• Brian T Garibaldi, Jacob Fiksel, John Muschelli, Matthew L Robinson, Masoud Rouhizadeh, Jamie Perin, Grant Schumock, Paul Nagy, Josh H Gray, Harsha Malapati, Mariam Ghobadi-Krueger, Timothy M Niessen, Bo Soo Kim, Peter M Hill, M Shafeeq Ahmed, Eric D Dobkin, Renee Blanding, Jennifer Abele, Bonnie Woods, Kenneth Harkness, David R Thiemann, Mary G Bowring, Aalok B Shah, Mei-Cheng Wang, Karen Bandeen-Roche, Antony Rosen, Scott L Zeger, and Amita Gupta.
• Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (B.T.G., M.L.R., P.N., J.H.G., H.M., T.M.N., B.S.K., P.M.H., R.B., D.R.T., M.G.B., A.R., A.G.).
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2021 Jan 1; 174 (1): 334133-41.

BackgroundRisk factors for progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to severe disease or death are underexplored in U.S. cohorts.ObjectiveTo determine the factors on hospital admission that are predictive of severe disease or death from COVID-19.DesignRetrospective cohort analysis.SettingFive hospitals in the Maryland and Washington, DC, area.Patients832 consecutive COVID-19 admissions from 4 March to 24 April 2020, with follow-up through 27 June 2020.MeasurementsPatient trajectories and outcomes, categorized by using the World Health Organization COVID-19 disease severity scale. Primary outcomes were death and a composite of severe disease or death.ResultsMedian patient age was 64 years (range, 1 to 108 years); 47% were women, 40% were Black, 16% were Latinx, and 21% were nursing home residents. Among all patients, 131 (16%) died and 694 (83%) were discharged (523 [63%] had mild to moderate disease and 171 [20%] had severe disease). Of deaths, 66 (50%) were nursing home residents. Of 787 patients admitted with mild to moderate disease, 302 (38%) progressed to severe disease or death: 181 (60%) by day 2 and 238 (79%) by day 4. Patients had markedly different probabilities of disease progression on the basis of age, nursing home residence, comorbid conditions, obesity, respiratory symptoms, respiratory rate, fever, absolute lymphocyte count, hypoalbuminemia, troponin level, and C-reactive protein level and the interactions among these factors. Using only factors present on admission, a model to predict in-hospital disease progression had an area under the curve of 0.85, 0.79, and 0.79 at days 2, 4, and 7, respectively.LimitationThe study was done in a single health care system.ConclusionA combination of demographic and clinical variables is strongly associated with severe COVID-19 disease or death and their early onset. The COVID-19 Inpatient Risk Calculator (CIRC), using factors present on admission, can inform clinical and resource allocation decisions.Primary Funding SourceHopkins inHealth and COVID-19 Administrative Supplement for the HHS Region 3 Treatment Center from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response.

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