• Jade Connor, Sarina Madhavan, Mugdha Mokashi, Hanna Amanuel, Natasha R Johnson, Lydia E Pace, and Deborah Bartz.
• Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: jade_connor@hms.harvard.edu.
• Soc Sci Med. 2020 Dec 1; 266: 113364.

BackgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic is straining healthcare systems in the US and globally, which has wide-reaching implications for health. Women experience unique health risks and outcomes influenced by their gender, and this narrative review aims to outline how these differences are exacerbated in the Covid-19 pandemic.ObservationsIt has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2. This review analyzed the health, economic, and social systems that result in gender-based differences in the areas healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics. We assess data from previous disease outbreaks coupled with literature from the Covid-19 pandemic to examine the impact of gender on women's SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease risks and overall health status during the Covid-19 pandemic.ConclusionsGender differences in health risks and implications are likely to be expanded during the Covid-19 pandemic. Efforts to foster equity in health, social, and economic systems during and in the aftermath of Covid-19 may mitigate the inequitable risks posed by pandemics and other times of healthcare stress.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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