• Tiina Ihalainen, Irina Rinta-Kiikka, Teemu M Luoto, Tuomo Thesleff, Mika Helminen, Anna-Maija Korpijaakko-Huuhka, and Antti Ronkainen.
• Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, Tampere FI-33521, Finland; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Kalevantie 4, Tampere FI-33014, Finland. Electronic address: tiina.ihalainen@pshp.fi.
• Spine J. 2018 Jan 1; 18 (1): 81-87.

Background ContextLaryngeal penetration-aspiration, the entry of material into the airways, is considered the most severe subtype of dysphagia and is common among patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI).PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for penetration-aspiration in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (TCSCI).Study DesignThis is a prospective cohort study.Patient SampleThirty-seven patients with TCSCI were included in the study.Outcome MeasuresThe highest Rosenbek penetration-aspiration scale (PAS; range 1-8) score of each patient was the primary outcome measure. The risk factors consisted of patient characteristics, demographics, and clinical signs observed during a clinical swallowing trial.Materials And MethodsA clinical swallowing trial and videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed on all patients within 28 days post injury. For group comparisons, the patients were divided into two groups: (1) penetrator-aspirators (PAS score ≥3) and (2) non-penetrator-aspirators (PAS score ≤2).ResultsOf the 37 patients, 83.8% were male. The mean age at the time of the injury was 61.2 years. Most patients had an incomplete TCSCI (78.4%) caused by a fall (75.7%). In the VFSS, 51.4% of the patients were penetrator-aspirators, and 71.4% had silent aspiration. The risk factors for predicting penetration-aspiration were (1) necessity of bronchoscopies, (2) lower level of anterior cervical operation, (3) coughing, throat clearing, choking related to swallowing, and (4) changes in voice quality related to swallowing. Binary logistic regression identified coughing, throat clearing, choking, and changes in voice quality related to swallowing as independent risk factors for penetration-aspiration.ConclusionsThe necessity of bronchoscopies, postinjury lower cervical spine anterior surgery, coughing, throat clearing, choking, and changes in voice quality related to swallowing was a markedrisk factor for aspiration and penetration following a cervical SCI. These factors and signs should be used to suspect injury-related pharyngeal dysfunction and to initiate preventive measures to avoid complications. The clinical swallowing evaluation is a relevant adjunct in the management of these patients and can improve the detection of penetration and aspiration.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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