• Abraham J Valkenburg, Sebastiaan C Goulooze, Cormac V Breatnach, Mathôt Ron A A RAA Department of Pharmacy, Academic UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Dick Tibboel, Monique van Dijk, Knibbe Catherijne A J CAJ Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands. , and Peeters Mariska Y M MYM Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands..
• Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
• Pediatr Crit Care Me. 2021 Apr 1; 22 (4): e259-e269.

ObjectivesTo compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IV midazolam after cardiac surgery between children with and without Down syndrome.DesignProspective, single-center observational trial.SettingPICU in a university-affiliated pediatric teaching hospital.PatientsTwenty-one children with Down syndrome and 17 without, 3-36 months, scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.InterventionsPostoperatively, nurses regularly assessed the children's pain and discomfort with the validated COMFORT-Behavioral scale and Numeric Rating Scale for pain. A loading dose of morphine (100 µg/kg) was administered after coming off bypass; thereafter, morphine infusion was commenced at 40 µg/kg/hr. Midazolam was started if COMFORT-Behavioral scale score of greater than 16 and Numeric Rating Scale score of less than 4 (suggestive of undersedation). Plasma midazolam and metabolite concentrations were measured for population pharmacokinetic- and pharmacodynamic analysis using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) (Version VI; GloboMax LLC, Hanover, MD) software.Measurements And Main ResultsTwenty-six children (72%) required midazolam postoperatively (15 with Down syndrome and 11 without; p = 1.00). Neither the cumulative midazolam dose (p = 0.61) nor the time elapsed before additional sedation was initiated (p = 0.71), statistically significantly differed between children with and without Down syndrome. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the children with and without Down syndrome. Bodyweight was a significant covariate for the clearance of 1-OH-midazolam to 1-OH-glucuronide (p = 0.003). Pharmacodynamic analysis revealed a marginal effect of the midazolam concentration on the COMFORT-Behavioral score.ConclusionsThe majority of children with and without Down syndrome required additional sedation after cardiac surgery. This pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis does not provide evidence for different dosing of midazolam in children with Down syndrome after cardiac surgery.Copyright © 2020 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

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