• Benjamin Jacob, Timo Zippelius, Nadja Kloss, Kathrin Benad, Christiane Schwerdt, Paula Hoff, Georg Matziolis, and Eric Röhner.
• 1 Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Campus Eisenberg, Eisenberg, Germany.
• Cartilage. 2019 Jul 1; 10 (3): 364-369.

ObjectiveIn orthopedic joint injection, the most frequently used local anesthetics are ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and 1% or 2% lidocaine. The aim of this study was to examine effects of these various anesthetics on the viability of human chondrocytes. Our hypothesis was that all local anesthetics tested damage human chondrocytes in vitro.MethodsPrimary human chondrocytes were isolated and cultured from 6 donated human knee joints (mean age of donors 61.2 years). Local anesthetics were added to these cultures. Toxicity analysis was performed by visualization of cell structure using light microscopy. Determination of vital chondrocytes was performed by use of a Casy cell counter. Chondrocytes' cell death was examined by fluorescence microscopy and an XTT ELISA assay.ResultsLight microscope and fluorescence microscope data revealed a defect cell structure and increased number of dead cells after addition of 1% or 2% lidocaine and bupivacaine but not ropivacaine. We were able to show an increased level of XTT activity after treatment with bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine or ropivacaine. The count of vital chondrocytes was significantly decreased after treatment with bupivacaine, 1% or 2% lidocaine, and ropivacaine.ConclusionsThe data show that treatment with local anesthetics induces cell damage of human chondrocytes in vitro. Ropivacaine seems to be a local anesthetic with the lowest toxic potential on human chondrocytes, a feature that may favor its preference for use in joint injection.

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