• Yijie Zhao, Samantha N Sallie, Hailun Cui, Ningning Zeng, Jiang Du, Tifei Yuan, Dianyou Li, Dirk De Ridder, and Chencheng Zhang.
• Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
• Neuromodulation. 2020 Oct 9.

ObjectivesSubstance use disorder (SUD) is characterized by compulsive use of addictive substances with considerable impact on both the medical system and society as a whole. The craving of substances leads to relapse in the majority of patients within one year of traditional treatments. In recent decades, neuromodulation approaches have emerged as potential novel treatments of SUD, but the ideal neural target remains contentious.Materials And MethodsIn this review, we discuss new insights on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a neuromodulation target for SUD.Results And ConclusionFirst, we illustrate that the ACC serves as a central "hub" in addiction-related neural networks of cognitive functions, including, but not limited to, decision-making, cognitive inhibition, emotion, and motivation. Then, we summarize the literature targeting the ACC to treat SUDs via available neuromodulation approaches. Finally, we propose potential directions to improve the effect of stimulating the ACC in SUD treatment. We emphasize that the ACC can be divided into at least four sub-regions, which have distinctive functions and connections. Studies focusing on these sub-regions may help to develop more precise and effective ACC stimulation according to patients' symptom profiles and cognitive deficits.© 2020 International Neuromodulation Society.

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