• Akio Kimura, Nobuaki Yoshikura, Yuichi Hayashi, and Takashi Inuzuka.
• Departments of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
• J. Alzheimers Dis. 2018 Jan 1; 61 (2): 581-588.

BackgroundChronic neuroinflammation has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between cytokine and anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) autoantibody levels and the degree of brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in AD patients.MethodsCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, interleukin 6, and anti-Aβ autoantibody were evaluated in 69 AD patients. Serum levels of CCL2 and anti-Aβ autoantibody were also examined. The degree of brain atrophy was assessed using the voxel-based specific regional analysis system for AD, which targets the volumes of interest (VOI) in medial temporal structures. Cognitive function was evaluated by neuropsychological testing, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB).ResultsCSF CCL2 levels correlated significantly with the severity (p = 0.023) and the extent (p = 0.022) of VOI atrophy, and with the extent of gray matter atrophy (p = 0.039) in AD patients. CSF anti-Aβ autoantibody levels were inversely correlated with the severity of VOI atrophy (p = 0.020), the extent of VOI atrophy (p = 0.015), and the ratio of VOI/GM atrophy (r = -0.358, p = 0.004). CSF CCL2 levels were also inversely correlated with MMSE (p = 0.0497) and FAB scores (p = 0.016).ConclusionsCSF CCL2 levels are associated with the degree of medial temporal lobe and gray matter atrophy, and cognitive decline in AD.

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