• Qing Zhou, Dan Yang, Amanda K Ombrello, Andrey V Zavialov, Camilo Toro, Anton V Zavialov, Deborah L Stone, Jae Jin Chae, Sergio D Rosenzweig, Kevin Bishop, Karyl S Barron, Hye Sun Kuehn, Patrycja Hoffmann, Alejandra Negro, Wanxia L Tsai, Edward W Cowen, Wuhong Pei, Joshua D Milner, Christopher Silvin, Theo Heller, David T Chin, Nicholas J Patronas, John S Barber, Chyi-Chia R Lee, Geryl M Wood, Alexander Ling, Susan J Kelly, David E Kleiner, James C Mullikin, Nancy J Ganson, Heidi H Kong, Sophie Hambleton, Fabio Candotti, Martha M Quezado, Katherine R Calvo, Hawwa Alao, Beverly K Barham, Anne Jones, James F Meschia, Bradford B Worrall, Scott E Kasner, Stephen S Rich, Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky, Mario Abinun, Elizabeth Chalom, Alisa C Gotte, Marilynn Punaro, Virginia Pascual, James W Verbsky, Troy R Torgerson, Nora G Singer, Timothy R Gershon, Seza Ozen, Omer Karadag, Thomas A Fleisher, Elaine F Remmers, Shawn M Burgess, Susan L Moir, Massimo Gadina, Raman Sood, Michael S Hershfield, Manfred Boehm, Daniel L Kastner, and Ivona Aksentijevich.
• The authors' affiliations are listed in the Appendix.
• N. Engl. J. Med.. 2014 Mar 6;370(10):911-20.

BackgroundWe observed a syndrome of intermittent fevers, early-onset lacunar strokes and other neurovascular manifestations, livedoid rash, hepatosplenomegaly, and systemic vasculopathy in three unrelated patients. We suspected a genetic cause because the disorder presented in early childhood.MethodsWe performed whole-exome sequencing in the initial three patients and their unaffected parents and candidate-gene sequencing in three patients with a similar phenotype, as well as two young siblings with polyarteritis nodosa and one patient with small-vessel vasculitis. Enzyme assays, immunoblotting, immunohistochemical testing, flow cytometry, and cytokine profiling were performed on samples from the patients. To study protein function, we used morpholino-mediated knockdowns in zebrafish and short hairpin RNA knockdowns in U937 cells cultured with human dermal endothelial cells.ResultsAll nine patients carried recessively inherited mutations in CECR1 (cat eye syndrome chromosome region, candidate 1), encoding adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2), that were predicted to be deleterious; these mutations were rare or absent in healthy controls. Six patients were compound heterozygous for eight CECR1 mutations, whereas the three patients with polyarteritis nodosa or small-vessel vasculitis were homozygous for the p.Gly47Arg mutation. Patients had a marked reduction in the levels of ADA2 and ADA2-specific enzyme activity in the blood. Skin, liver, and brain biopsies revealed vasculopathic changes characterized by compromised endothelial integrity, endothelial cellular activation, and inflammation. Knockdown of a zebrafish ADA2 homologue caused intracranial hemorrhages and neutropenia - phenotypes that were prevented by coinjection with nonmutated (but not with mutated) human CECR1. Monocytes from patients induced damage in cocultured endothelial-cell layers.ConclusionsLoss-of-function mutations in CECR1 were associated with a spectrum of vascular and inflammatory phenotypes, ranging from early-onset recurrent stroke to systemic vasculopathy or vasculitis. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Programs and others.).

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