• Paramananthan Mariappan, Allan Johnston, Luisa Padovani, Eilidh Clark, Matthew Trail, Sami Hamid, Graham Hollins, Helen Simpson, Benjamin G Thomas, Rami Hasan, Jaimin Bhatt, Imran Ahmad, Ghulam M Nandwani, Ian D C Mitchell, David Hendry, and for members of the Scottish Bladder Cancer QPI Research Collaborative.
• Edinburgh Bladder Cancer Surgery, Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Electronic address: param.mariappan@nhs.net.
• Eur. Urol. 2020 Oct 1; 78 (4): 520-530.

BackgroundClinical outcomes from non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are partly determined by the quality of initial interventions. To improve and standardise treatment for cancer, Scotland implemented a national Quality Performance Indicator (QPI) programme for bladder cancer (BC).ObjectiveTo evaluate compliance with specific quality indicators (QIs) related to transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and to understand clinical outcomes from NMIBC following the introduction of the QPI programme.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsWithin a robust governance framework, 12 mandatory evidence-based QPIs were implemented nationally in April 2014. We report prospectively collected data for all new BC patients (between April 2014 and March 2017). We include follow-up data for 2689 patients.InterventionThe TURBT-related QPIs were (1) using a bladder diagram, (2) single post-TURBT instillation of mitomycin C (SPI-MMC), (3) detrusor muscle (DM) in the specimen, and (4) early re-TURBT in high-risk NMIBC.Outcome Measurements And Statistical AnalysisWe measured compliance with these QPIs and (1) recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy (RRFFC), (2) rates of residual cancer, and (3) pT2 cancer at re-TURBT. Associations between QPI compliance, tumour features, and outcomes were assessed with multivariable logistic regression models.Results And LimitationsAmong 4246 new BC patients, SPI-MMC was used in 67% (2029/3023) NMIBC patients. In 1860 NMIBC patients undergoing TURBT, RRFFC, rate of residual cancer, and rate of pT2 at re-TURBT were 13% (116/888), 33% (212/653), and 2.9% (19/653), respectively. SPI-MMC was associated with lower RRFFC, independent of all variables including hospital volume and surgeon. Presence of DM in the specimen halved the likelihood of residual disease in pT1 cancers. The main limitation is the lack of a pre-QPI introduction cohort for comparison.ConclusionsThe implementation of a QI programme in Scotland appears to facilitate high-quality TURBT, which in a real-world setting is associated with low early recurrence/residual cancer and accurate pathological staging.Patient SummaryFollowing the first 3 yr of implementing a novel Quality Performance Indicator (QPI) programme in Scotland, we assessed compliance and outcomes in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Evaluating over 4000 new bladder cancer patients, we found that the QPI programme was associated with low recurrence and accurate staging following the initial transurethral resection of bladder tumour.Copyright © 2020 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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