• D M Wheeler, D Vimalachandra, E M Hodson, L P Roy, G H Smith, and J C Craig.
• Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145.
• Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2004 Jan 1 (3): CD001532.

BackgroundVesicoureteric reflux (VUR) results in urine passing, in a retrograde manner, up the ureter. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have been considered to be the main cause of permanent renal parenchymal damage in children with reflux. Therefore management of these children has been directed at preventing infection by antibiotic prophylaxis and/or surgical correction of reflux. However controversy remains as to the optimum strategies for management of children with primary VUR.ObjectivesTo evaluate the benefits and harms of the different treatment options for primary VUR.Search StrategyPublished and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings.Selection CriteriaRCTs were included if they compared any treatments of VUR including surgery (open and closed techniques), antibiotic prophylaxis of any duration, non-invasive techniques such as bladder training and any combination of therapies.Data Collection And AnalysisTwo reviewers independently searched the literature, determined trial eligibility, assessed quality, extracted and entered data. For dichotomous outcomes, results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were pooled using the random effects model.Main ResultsTen trials involving 964 evaluable children comparing long-term antibiotics and surgical correction of VUR with antibiotics (seven trials), antibiotics with no treatment (one trial) and different materials for endoscopic correction of VUR (two trials) were identified. Risk of UTI by 1-2 and 5 years was not significantly different between surgical and medical groups (by 2 years RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.09; by 5 years RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.26). Combined treatment resulted in a 60% reduction in febrile UTI by 5 years (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.70) but no concomitant significant reduction in risk of new or progressive renal damage at 5 years (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.29). In one small study no significant differences in risk for UTI or renal damage were found between antibiotic prophylaxis and no treatment.Reviewers' ConclusionsIt is uncertain whether the identification and treatment of children with VUR confers clinically important benefit. The additional benefit of surgery over antibiotics alone is small at best. Assuming a UTI rate of 20% for children with VUR on antibiotics for five years, nine reimplantations would be required to prevent one febrile UTI, with no reduction in the number of children developing any UTI or renal damage.

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