• Lynn Uhrig, Stanislas Dehaene, and Béchir Jarraya.
• CEA, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Avenir Bettencourt-Schueller, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, CEA, I2BM, NeuroSpin, Unité de Recherche en NeuroImagerie Applicative Clinique et Translationnelle (UNIACT), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Collège de France, 75231 Paris, France, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, Neuromodulation Unit, Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France, and Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, 78000 Versailles, France.
• J. Neurosci. 2014 Jan 22; 34 (4): 1127-32.

AbstractCan monkeys learn simple auditory sequences and detect when a new sequence deviates from the stored pattern? Here we tested the predictive-coding hypothesis, which postulates that cortical areas encode internal models of sensory sequences at multiple hierarchical levels, and use these predictive models to detect deviant stimuli. In humans, hierarchical predictive coding has been supported by studies of auditory sequence processing, but it is unclear whether internal hierarchical models of auditory sequences are also available to nonhuman animals. Using fMRI, we evaluated the encoding of auditory regularities in awake monkeys listening to first- and second-order sequence violations. We observed distinct fMRI responses to first-order violations in auditory cortex and to second-order violations in a frontoparietal network, a distinction only demonstrated in conscious humans so far. The results indicate that the capacity to represent and predict the structure of auditory sequences is shared by humans and nonhuman primates.

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