• Assunta Sgambato, Francesca Casaluce, and Cesare Gridelli.
• a Division of Medical Oncology , 'S. G. Moscati' Hospital , Avellino , Italy.
• Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017 May 1; 17 (5): 565-571.

IntroductionImmune checkpoint inhibition is a novel treatment modality that has brought a new hope to patients with advanced NSCLC. Several molecules targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) or programmed cell death 1 receptor/programmed death ligand-1 (PD1/PD-L1) pathways are under evaluation in NSCLC and three of them are currently approved: nivolumab and atezolizumab for advanced NSCLC after prior chemotherapy and pembrolizumab for advanced NSCLC expressing PD-L1 ≥ 1% after at least one prior chemotherapy regimen and > 50% as a first-line response. Areas covered: To date, the efficacy and toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the elderly is unclear because available studies involved mainly a low number of elderly patients. In this paper, the authors discuss the frailty of the elderly patient and the challenges of choosing the best therapeutic strategy, focusing on the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Expert opinion: There are several outstanding goals that need to be met for the proper and safe use of immunotherapeutic drugs. In terms of the elderly, it is true that age-tailored clinical trials are needed to confirm the real impact of immunotherapy and harmonize the standard of care in this specific demographic.

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