• Adam J Bialas, Jacek Kaczmarski, Jozef Kozak, and Bogumila Kempinska-Miroslawska.
• Teaching Department of Thoracic Surgery and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland radius425@gmail.com.
• Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2015 Apr 1; 20 (4): 556-7.

AbstractPectus excavatum is one of the most common congenital deformities of the chest wall. The aim of the study was to analyse 621 artefacts (reliefs, sculptures, paintings) from Ancient Egypt in terms of anatomical defects of the chest. The team which analysed artefacts consisted of historians of medicine and thoracic surgeons. The researchers found a relief, depicting a man with an abnormal shape of the chest. The relief was from Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep mastaba and dates back to circa 2400 BC. The authors think it is possible that the relief may represent a pectus excavatum deformity and believe the image will open up debate on the occurrence of this deformity in ancient times. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.

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