• Michelle van Ryn, Rachel Hardeman, Sean M Phelan, Diana J Burgess, John F Dovidio, Jeph Herrin, Sara E Burke, David B Nelson, Sylvia Perry, Mark Yeazel, and Julia M Przedworski.
• Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA. vanryn.michelle@mayo.edu.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Dec 1; 30 (12): 174817561748-56.

BackgroundPhysician implicit (unconscious, automatic) bias has been shown to contribute to racial disparities in medical care. The impact of medical education on implicit racial bias is unknown.ObjectiveTo examine the association between change in student implicit racial bias towards African Americans and student reports on their experiences with 1) formal curricula related to disparities in health and health care, cultural competence, and/or minority health; 2) informal curricula including racial climate and role model behavior; and 3) the amount and favorability of interracial contact during school.DesignProspective observational study involving Web-based questionnaires administered during first (2010) and last (2014) semesters of medical school.ParticipantsA total of 3547 students from a stratified random sample of 49 U.S. medical schools.Main Outcome(S) And Measure(S)Change in implicit racial attitudes as assessed by the Black-White Implicit Association Test administered during the first semester and again during the last semester of medical school.Key ResultsIn multivariable modeling, having completed the Black-White Implicit Association Test during medical school remained a statistically significant predictor of decreased implicit racial bias (-5.34, p ≤ 0.001: mixed effects regression with random intercept across schools). Students' self-assessed skills regarding providing care to African American patients had a borderline association with decreased implicit racial bias (-2.18, p = 0.056). Having heard negative comments from attending physicians or residents about African American patients (3.17, p = 0.026) and having had unfavorable vs. very favorable contact with African American physicians (18.79, p = 0.003) were statistically significant predictors of increased implicit racial bias.ConclusionsMedical school experiences in all three domains were independently associated with change in student implicit racial attitudes. These findings are notable given that even small differences in implicit racial attitudes have been shown to affect behavior and that implicit attitudes are developed over a long period of repeated exposure and are difficult to change.

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