• Abdelnaby Khalyfa, Leila Kheirandish-Gozal, Rakesh Bhattacharjee, Ahamed A Khalyfa, and David Gozal.
• Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
• Chest. 2016 Mar 1; 149 (3): 786-800.

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology. The presence of endothelial dysfunction constitutes an early risk factor for CVD in children. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and represent a novel class of biomarkers and therapeutic targets; therefore, we examined whether the presence of endothelial dysfunction is associated with differential expression of plasma miRNAs in otherwise healthy children.MethodsA total of 70 children (aged 5-10 years) were recruited and classified into two groups (normal endothelial function [NEF] and endothelial dysfunction). Time to peak postocclusive reperfusion (Tmax) was considered as the indicator of either normal endothelial function (NEF; Tmax < 45 s) or endothelial dysfunction (Tmax ≥ 45 s). Lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fasting glucose, and insulin were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. miRNAs isolated from plasma were assayed with a custom human CVD array, followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction verification of candidates. In addition, bioinformatics approaches including combinatorial target prediction algorithms and gene ontology were applied.ResultsThree miRNAs that have been previously linked to cardiomyopathy, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-342-3p, and hsa-miR-365b-3p, were identified as potential biomarkers of children with endothelial dysfunction. The miRNA predicted gene targets revealed 31 common targets among all three putative candidate biomarker miRNAs and encompass three biologic pathways, including transforming growth factor-β signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and activin receptor-like kinase in cardiac myocytes.ConclusionsPlasma miRNAs may be useful as potential screening tools for the presence of endothelial dysfunction in children and may reveal endothelial dysfunction-relevant target genes.Copyright © 2016 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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