• Gerald Chanques, Jean-Michel Constantin, John W Devlin, E Wesley Ely, Gilles L Fraser, Céline Gélinas, Timothy D Girard, Claude Guérin, Matthieu Jabaudon, Samir Jaber, Sangeeta Mehta, Thomas Langer, Michael J Murray, Pratik Pandharipande, Bhakti Patel, Jean-François Payen, Kathleen Puntillo, Bram Rochwerg, Yahya Shehabi, Thomas Strøm, Hanne Tanghus Olsen, and John P Kress.
• Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Saint Eloi Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France. g-chanques@chu-montpellier.fr.
• Intensive Care Med. 2020 Dec 1; 46 (12): 2342-2356.

AbstractAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most demanding conditions in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Management of analgesia and sedation in ARDS is particularly challenging. An expert panel was convened to produce a "state-of-the-art" article to support clinicians in the optimal management of analgesia/sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with ARDS, including those with COVID-19. Current ICU analgesia/sedation guidelines promote analgesia first and minimization of sedation, wakefulness, delirium prevention and early rehabilitation to facilitate ventilator and ICU liberation. However, these strategies cannot always be applied to patients with ARDS who sometimes require deep sedation and/or paralysis. Patients with severe ARDS may be under-represented in analgesia/sedation studies and currently recommended strategies may not be feasible. With lightened sedation, distress-related symptoms (e.g., pain and discomfort, anxiety, dyspnea) and patient-ventilator asynchrony should be systematically assessed and managed through interprofessional collaboration, prioritizing analgesia and anxiolysis. Adaptation of ventilator settings (e.g., use of a pressure-set mode, spontaneous breathing, sensitive inspiratory trigger) should be systematically considered before additional medications are administered. Managing the mechanical ventilator is of paramount importance to avoid the unnecessary use of deep sedation and/or paralysis. Therefore, applying an "ABCDEF-R" bundle (R = Respiratory-drive-control) may be beneficial in ARDS patients. Further studies are needed, especially regarding the use and long-term effects of fast-offset drugs (e.g., remifentanil, volatile anesthetics) and the electrophysiological assessment of analgesia/sedation (e.g., electroencephalogram devices, heart-rate variability, and video pupillometry). This review is particularly relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic given drug shortages and limited ICU-bed capacity.

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