• Alexander Broom, Mathew D Schur, Alexandre Arkader, John Flynn, Alex Gornitzky, and Paul D Choi.
• Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #69, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
• J Child Orthop. 2016 Oct 1; 10 (5): 453-60.

PurposeTo study the cause, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of acute compartment syndrome in infants and toddlers aged <3 years.MethodsFifteen patients aged <3 years with acute compartment syndrome were identified from two large pediatric trauma centers over a fifteen-year period. All children underwent fasciotomy. The mechanism of injury, time of injury, time to diagnosis, compartment pressures, time to fasciotomy, and outcome at the time of the latest follow-up were recorded.ResultsNine (60 %) of fifteen patients developed compartment syndrome secondary to trauma, four (4/15, 27 %) due to infection, and two (2/15, 13 %) due to intravenous infiltration. The average time from injury or hospital admission to fasciotomy was 31.8 h (range 2.9-136.3 h). In general, the functional outcome was excellent at the latest follow-up with thirteen (13/15, 87 %) patients having an excellent outcome. No cases of Volkmann's ischemia were noted at the time of fasciotomy, even when performed as late as 5 days after injury.ConclusionsCompared to the general pediatric population, the diagnosis of compartment syndrome in infants and toddlers may be further delayed, i.e., >24 h after injury. Despite delays in diagnosis and time to treatment, the present study shows that outcomes in infants and toddlers remain favorable even when fasciotomy is performed 48-72 h after injury.Level Of EvidenceCase series, level IV.

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