• David Jiménez, Aldara García-Sanchez, Parth Rali, Alfonso Muriel, Behnood Bikdeli, Pedro Ruiz-Artacho, Raphael Le Mao, Carmen Rodríguez, Beverley J Hunt, and Manuel Monreal.
• Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: djimenez.hrc@gmail.com.
• Chest. 2021 Mar 1; 159 (3): 118211961182-1196.

BackgroundIndividual studies have reported widely variable rates for VTE and bleeding among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Research QuestionWhat is the incidence of VTE and bleeding among hospitalized patients with COVID-19?MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, 15 standard sources and COVID-19-specific sources were searched between January 1, 2020, and July 31, 2020, with no restriction according to language. Incidence estimates were pooled by using random effects meta-analyses. Heterogeneity was evaluated by using the I2 statistic, and publication bias was assessed by using the Begg and Egger tests.ResultsThe pooled incidence was 17.0% (95% CI, 13.4-20.9) for VTE, 12.1% (95% CI, 8.4-16.4) for DVT, 7.1% (95% CI, 5.3-9.1) for pulmonary embolism (PE), 7.8% (95% CI, 2.6-15.3) for bleeding, and 3.9% (95% CI, 1.2-7.9) for major bleeding. In subgroup meta-analyses, the incidence of VTE was higher when assessed according to screening (33.1% vs 9.8% by clinical diagnosis), among patients in the ICU (27.9% vs 7.1% in the ward), in prospective studies (25.5% vs 12.4% in retrospective studies), and with the inclusion of catheter-associated thrombosis/isolated distal DVTs and isolated subsegmental PEs. The highest pooled incidence estimate of bleeding was reported for patients receiving intermediate- or full-dose anticoagulation (21.4%) and the lowest in the only prospective study that assessed bleeding events (2.7%).InterpretationAmong hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the overall estimated pooled incidence of VTE was 17.0%, with higher rates with routine screening, inclusion of distal DVT, and subsegmental PE, in critically ill patients and in prospective studies. Bleeding events were observed in 7.8% of patients and were sensitive to use of escalated doses of anticoagulants and nature of data collection. Additional studies are required to ascertain the significance of various thrombotic events and to identify strategies to improve patient outcomes.Trial RegistryPROSPERO; No.: CRD42020198864; URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.Copyright © 2020 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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