• Alberto Burlina, Vincenzo Leuzzi, Marco Spada, Maria Teresa Carbone, Sabrina Paci, and Albina Tummolo.
• Inherited Metabolic Diseases Division, Regional Center for Expanded Neonatal Screening, Women and Children's Health Department, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
• Curr Med Res Opin. 2021 Mar 1; 37 (3): 411-421.

IntroductionPhenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Its prevalence is estimated to be 1:10,000 in Europe. PKU is the commonest congenital inborn error of metabolism. The aim of our study was to investigate the characteristics of clinical practice in relation to PKU in Italy, in order to raise awareness about the current management and therapeutic approaches adopted.MethodsSix Italian experts conducted a systematic literature review as well as an internal survey to investigate the relevant clinical aspects. Collectively, the expert panel managed a total of 678 PKU patients treated in the early stages of the condition over a 16-year period across six centers.ResultsThe management of PKU varied markedly between centers, with differences in the composition of the multidisciplinary team, dietary treatments, compliance and adherence to management, tetrahydrobiopterin use, and patient follow-up. Patients were mostly managed by a pediatric reference center from the initial PKU diagnosis during newborn screening until adulthood, without transition to a specialized adult clinician. Fogginess, concentration reduction, low attention, anxiety, irritability, memory deficit, headache, and unstable mood were common features in patients with uncontrolled blood phenylalanine levels (generally above 600 µmol/L).ConclusionA homogeneous and shared approach to the management of PKU patients is important. Our survey demonstrates the current management of PKU in Italy, with the aim of promoting the implementation of therapeutic strategies and follow-up, increased patient compliance and adherence, and the achievement of the phenylalanine level targets recommended by European Union guidelines. Emerging therapies are likely to become a standard treatment for patients unable to comply with diet therapy and maintain their phenylalanine levels below the threshold values.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2020.1847717.

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