• M Hollenbach, J Feisthammel, and A Hoffmeister.
• Bereich Gastroenterologie der Klinik für Onkologie, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Pneumologie und Infektiologie, Department für Innere Medizin, Neurologie und Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland. marcus.hollenbach@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
• Internist (Berl). 2021 Feb 1; 62 (2): 151-162.

BackgroundThe endoscopic management of polyps of the lower gastrointestinal tract (l-GIT) has emerged in recent years as a result of numerous technological innovations. However, proven expertise and experience are essential.ObjectivesPresentation of novel and standard techniques and best-practice recommendations for the characterization and resection of l‑GIT polyps.MethodsRecent specialist literature and current guidelines.ResultsHigh-definition endoscopy should be the standard when performing colonoscopy. The (virtual) chromoendoscopy can improve detection and characterization of polyps, but always requires special expertise and experience of the endoscopist in advanced endoscopic imaging. In this regard, computer-aided-diagnosis (CAD) systems have the potential to support endoscopists in the future. Pedunculated polyps should be removed with a hot snare. Small flat polyps can be resected by cold snare or large forceps. Large, non-pedunculated polyps should be treated in an interdisciplinary approach at a referral center with long-standing experience depending on its malignancy potential. After complete resection of small adenoma without high grade dysplasia, surveillance endoscopy is recommended after 5-10 years. Patients with large adenoma or high grade dysplasia should undergo endoscopy after 3 years and patients with multiple adenoma earlier than 3 years. After incomplete or piecemeal resection or insufficient bowel preparation, near-term endoscopy is recommended.ConclusionsAdequate characterization and treatment are essential for the appropriate management of l‑GIT polyps.

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