• Hemakumar Devan, Paul Hendrick, Leigh Hale, Allan Carman, Michael P Dillon, and Daniel Cury Ribeiro.
• Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Wellington, 23 Mein St., PO Box 7343, Wellington 6021, New Zealand(∗). Electronic address: hemakumar.devan@otago.ac.nz.
• PM R. 2017 Oct 1; 9 (10): 949-959.

BackgroundChronic low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal impairment in people with lower limb amputation. Given the multifactorial nature of LBP, exploring the factors influencing the presence and intensity of LBP is warranted.ObjectiveTo investigate which physical, personal, and amputee-specific factors predicted the presence and intensity of LBP in persons with nondysvascular transfemoral amputation (TFA) and transtibial amputation (TTA).DesignA retrospective cross-sectional survey.SettingA national random sample of people with nondysvascular TFA and TTA.ParticipantsParticipants (N = 526) with unilateral TFA and TTA due to nondysvascular etiology (ie, trauma, tumors, and congenital causes) and a minimum prosthesis use of 1 year since amputation were invited to participate in the survey. The data from 208 participants (43.4% response rate) were used for multivariate regression analysis.Methods (Independent Variables)Personal (ie, age, body mass, gender, work status, and presence of comorbid conditions), amputee-specific (ie, level of amputation, years of prosthesis use, presence of phantom-limb pain, residual-limb problems, and nonamputated limb pain), and physical factors (ie, pain-provoking postures including standing, bending, lifting, walking, sitting, sit-to-stand, and climbing stairs).Main Outcome Measures (Dependent Variables)LBP presence and intensity.ResultsA multivariate logistic regression model showed that the presence of 2 or more comorbid conditions (prevalence odds ratio [POR] = 4.34, P = .01), residual-limb problems (POR = 3.76, P < .01), and phantom-limb pain (POR = 2.46, P = .01) influenced the presence of LBP. Given the high LBP prevalence (63%) in the study, there is a tendency for overestimation of POR, and the results must be interpreted with caution. In those with LBP, the presence of residual-limb problems (β = 0.21, P = .01) and experiencing LBP symptoms during sit-to-stand task (β = 0.22, P = .03) were positively associated with LBP intensity, whereas being employed demonstrated a negative association (β = -0.18, P = .03) in the multivariate linear regression model.ConclusionsRehabilitation professionals should be cognizant of the influence that comorbid conditions, residual-limb problems, and phantom pain have on the presence of LBP in people with nondysvascular lower limb amputation. Further prospective studies could investigate the underlying causal mechanisms of LBP.Level Of EvidenceII.Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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