• Marcia A Bockbrader, Ryan D Thompson, David P Way, Sam C Colachis, Imran J Siddiqui, Jennifer Luz, Joanne Borg-Stein, Kevin OʼConnor, Minna J Kohler, and David P Bahner.
• From the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (MAB, RDT, SCC); Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (DPW, DPB); Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IJS, JL, JB-S, KO); Regenerative Orthopedics and Sports Medicine (ROSM), Washington, DC (IJS); Department of Orthopedics, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (JL); and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (MJK).
• Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Aug 1; 98 (8): 715-724.

ObjectivesThe aims of the study were to evaluate integration of musculoskeletal ultrasonography education in physical medicine and rehabilitation training programs in 2014-2015, when the American Academy of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Residency Review Committee both recognized it as a fundamental component of physiatric practice, to identify common musculoskeletal ultrasonography components of physical medicine and rehabilitation residency curricula, and to identify common barriers to integration.DesignSurvey of 78 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited physical medicine and rehabilitation residency programs was conducted.ResultsThe 2015 survey response rate was more than 50%, and respondents were representative of programs across the United States. Most programs (80%) reported teaching musculoskeletal ultrasonography, whereas a minority (20%) required mastery of ultrasonography skills for graduation. Ultrasonography curricula varied, although most programs agreed that the scope of resident training in physical medicine and rehabilitation should include diagnostic and interventional musculoskeletal ultrasonography, especially for key joints (shoulder, elbow, knee, wrist, hip, and ankle) and nerves (median, ulnar, fibular, tibial, radial, and sciatic). Barriers to teaching included insufficient expertise of instructors, poor access to equipment, and lack of a structured curriculum.ConclusionsMusculoskeletal ultrasonography has become a required component of physical medicine and rehabilitation residency training. Based on survey responses and expert recommendations, we propose a structure for musculoskeletal ultrasonography curricular standards and milestones for trainee competency.

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