• Reza Maleki-Yazdi M M Division of Respiratory Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. maleki.pccrc@on.aibn.com., Mathieu Molimard, Dorothy L Keininger, Jean-Bernard Gruenberger, Joao Carrasco, Claudia Pitotti, Elsa Sauvage, Sara Chehab, and David Price.
• Division of Respiratory Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. maleki.pccrc@on.aibn.com.
• Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2016 Oct 1; 14 (5): 579-94.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the cost effectiveness of the dual bronchodilator indacaterol/glycopyrronium (IND/GLY) compared with salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC) in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who had a history of one or no exacerbations in the previous year, in Canada, France, Italy, and Portugal.MethodsA patient-level simulation was developed to compare the costs and outcomes of IND/GLY versus SFC based on data from the LANTERN trial (NCT01709903). Monte-Carlo simulation methods were employed to follow individual patients over various time horizons. Population and efficacy inputs were derived from the LANTERN trial. Considering the payers' perspective, only direct costs were included. Costs and health outcomes were discounted annually at 3.0 % for all countries. Unit costs were taken from publically available sources with all costs converted to euros (€). The cost base year was 2015. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken to test the robustness of the model results.ResultsIND/GLY was found to be the dominant (more effective and less costly) treatment option compared with SFC in all four countries. The use of IND/GLY was associated with mean total cost savings per patient over a lifetime of €6202, €1974, €1611, and €220 in Canada, France, Italy, and Portugal, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that exacerbation rates had the largest impact on incremental costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The probability of IND/GLY being cost effective was estimated to be >95 % for thresholds above €5000/QALY.ConclusionIn patients with moderate to severe COPD, IND/GLY is likely to be a cost-effective treatment alternative compared with SFC.

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