• Charles-Edouard Luyt, Tarek Sahnoun, Melchior Gautier, Pauline Vidal, Sonia Burrel, Pineton de ChambrunMarcMService de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, ICAN, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne-Université, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, Juliette Chommeloux, Cyrielle Desnos, Jeremy Arzoine, Ania Nieszkowska, Nicolas Bréchot, Matthieu Schmidt, Guillaume Hekimian, David Boutolleau, Jérôme Robert, Alain Combes, and Jean Chastre.
• Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, ICAN, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne-Université, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France. charles-edouard.luyt@aphp.fr.
• Ann Intensive Care. 2020 Nov 23; 10 (1): 158.

BackgroundThe data on incidence, clinical presentation, and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) are limited. We performed this retrospective cohort study to assess frequency, clinical characteristics, responsible pathogens, and outcomes of VAP in patients COVID-19 pneumonia requiring MV between March 12th and April 24th, 2020 (all had RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection). Patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring ECMO were compared with an historical cohort of 45 patients with severe influenza-associated ARDS requiring ECMO admitted to the same ICU during the preceding three winter seasons.ResultsAmong 50 consecutive patients with Covid-19-associated ARDS requiring ECMO included [median (IQR) age 48 (42-56) years; 72% male], 43 (86%) developed VAP [median (IQR) MV duration before the first episode, 10 (8-16) days]. VAP-causative pathogens were predominantly Enterobacteriaceae (70%), particularly inducible AmpC-cephalosporinase producers (40%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37%). VAP recurred in 34 (79%) patients and 17 (34%) died. Most recurrences were relapses (i.e., infection with the same pathogen), with a high percentage occurring on adequate antimicrobial treatment. Estimated cumulative incidence of VAP, taking into account death and extubation as competing events, was significantly higher in Covid-19 patients than in influenza patients (p = 0.002). Despite a high P. aeruginosa-VAP rate in patients with influenza-associated ARDS (54%), the pulmonary infection recurrence rate was significantly lower than in Covid-19 patients. Overall mortality was similar for the two groups.ConclusionsPatients with severe Covid-19-associated ARDS requiring ECMO had a very high late-onset VAP rate. Inducible AmpC-cephalosporinase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently caused VAP, with multiple recurrences and difficulties eradicating the pathogen from the lung.

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