• Daniel Cushman, Masaru Teramoto, Bradley Curtis, David T Lee, Austin Marcolina, and Zachary McCormick.
• Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108(∗). Electronic address: Dan.cushman.work@gmail.com.
• PM R. 2017 Oct 1; 9 (10): 1013-1019.

BackgroundPatients have expressed concern about undergoing procedures involving trainees, even with direct attending physician supervision. Little literature has examined the effect of trainee involvement on patient outcomes.ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the effect of trainee involvement on patient complications, immediate pain reduction, and fluoroscopic time for different fluoroscopic injection types.DesignRetrospective review.SettingFour academic outpatient institutions with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited residency (physical medicine and rehabilitation, or anesthesiology) or fellowship (sports medicine or pain medicine) programs from 2000 to 2015.PatientsAll patients receiving fluoroscopically guided hip (HI), sacroiliac joint (SIJI), transforaminal epidural (TFEI), and/or interlaminar epidural injections (ILEI, performed at only 1 institution).MethodsOutcome measures were examined based on the presence or absence of a trainee during the procedure.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe primary outcome was the number of immediate complications, with secondary outcomes being fluoroscopic time per injection (FTPI) and immediate numeric rating scale percentage improvement.ResultsTrainees were involved in 67.0% of all injections (N = 7,833). Complication rates or improvements in numeric rating scale scores showed no significant differences with trainee involvement for any injection type (P > .05). Trainee involvement was associated with increased FTPI for ILEIs (18.2 ± 10.1 seconds with trainees versus 15.1 ± 8.5 seconds without trainees, P < .001), but not for HIs (P = .60) or SIJIs (P = .51). Trainee involvement with TFEIs was dependent on institution for outcome with respect to FTPI (P < .001), with 28.1 ± 17.9 seconds with trainees and 32.1 ± 22.1 seconds without trainees (P = 0.51).ConclusionsThis large multicenter study of academic institutions demonstrates that trainee involvement in fluoroscopically guided injections does not affect immediate patient complications or pain improvement. Trainee involvement does not increase fluoroscopic time for most injections, although there is an institutional difference seen. This study supports the notion that appropriate trainee supervision likely does not compromise patient safety for fluoroscopically guided injections.Level Of EvidenceII.Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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