• Thomas Perreault, James Dunning, and Raymond Butts.
• Faculty, American Academy of Manipulative Therapy Fellowship in Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy, Senior Instructor, Spinal Manipulation Institute & Dry Needling Institute, Montgomery, AL, USA. Electronic address: tommy.perreault@gmail.com.
• J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017 Oct 1; 21 (4): 940-947.

BackgroundMyofascial trigger point (MTrP) injection and trigger point dry needling (TrPDN) are widely accepted therapies for myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Empirical evidence suggests eliciting a local twitch response (LTR) during needling is essential.ObjectiveThis is the first review exploring the available literature, regardless of study design, on the neurophysiological effects and clinical significance of the LTR as it relates to reductions in pain and disability secondary to MTrP needling.MethodsPubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct and Google Scholar were searched up until October 2016 using terms related to trigger point needling and the LTR.Resultsand Discussion: Several studies show that eliciting a LTR does not correlate with changes in pain and disability, and multiple systematic reviews have failed to conclude whether the LTR is relevant to the outcome of TrPDN. Post needling soreness is consistently reported in studies using repeated in and out needling to elicit LTRs and increases in proportion to the number of needle insertions. In contrast, needle winding without LTRs to MTrPs and connective tissue is well supported in the literature, as it is linked to anti-nociception and factors related to tissue repair and remodeling. Additionally, the positive biochemical changes in the MTrP after needling may simply be a wash out effect related to local vasodilation. While the LTR during TrPDN appears unnecessary for managing myofascial pain and unrelated to many of the positive effects of TrPDN, further investigation is required.Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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