• Sally Mahmoud, Erik Anderson, Aidan Vosooghi, and Andrew A Herring.
• Department of Emergency Medicine, Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA. Electronic address: smahmoud@alamedahealthsystem.org.
• Am J Emerg Med. 2021 May 1; 43: 17-20.

BackgroundThe safety of combining buprenorphine with a benzodiazepine or barbiturate in the treatment of concurrent alcohol and opioid withdrawal has not been well established. In this study we examine a cohort of patients treated with buprenorphine and phenobarbital or benzodiazepines for co-occurring opioid and alcohol withdrawal.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of ED patients treated for opioid and alcohol withdrawal from January through December 2018. The primary outcome was unexpected airway intervention, or the administration of naloxone for respiratory depression.ResultsThere were 16 patients treated for opioid and alcohol withdrawal. The mean age was 44.3 (standard deviation [SD] 13.1), 12 (75.0%) were male, and 8 (50.0%) of the patients were admitted to the hospital. For opioid withdrawal, six patients received intravenous buprenorphine, with doses between 0.3 mg to 1.8 mg; 12 patients received sublingual buprenorphine, with doses between 4 mg to 32 mg. For alcohol withdrawal, 10 patients received lorazepam with doses between 1 mg and 8 mg; 10 patients received phenobarbital with doses between 260 mg to 1040 mg. There were no unexpected airway interventions related to medications used for opioid or alcohol withdrawal. One patient with severe pneumonia was an expected intubation for respiratory failure.ConclusionsWe describe a cohort of patients treated for opioid and alcohol withdrawal in the ED. There were no serious adverse events related to the medications used to treat opioid or alcohol withdrawal. Further work should assess optimal use of medical therapy for opioid and alcohol withdrawal and the transition to maintenance treatment for substance use disorders.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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