• Prem Venugopal and Luca Marinelli.
• GE Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York, 12309, USA.
• Mil Med. 2021 Jan 25; 186 (Suppl 1): 346-350.

IntroductionLocalization of internal arterial bleeds is necessary for treatment in the battlefield. In this article, we describe a novel approach that utilizes pulse wave reflections generated by a bleed to locate it.Materials And MethodsTo demonstrate our approach, velocity and diameter waveforms in the presence of bleeds were simulated using the 1D wave propagation equations in a straight-vessel model of the human thoracic aorta. The simulated waveforms were then decomposed into forward and backward components using wave intensity analysis. Reflections arising from the bleed were identified from the decomposed waveforms.ResultsReflection generated by the bleed introduced a new feature in the backward component, compared to the normal, no-bleed condition. The bleed location could be determined from the time delay between this reflection feature and the forward wave creating it, and the pulse wave velocity in the vessel.ConclusionsThe findings of this study could be utilized by ultrasound for hemorrhage localization.© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2021. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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