• Marc R Moon.
• Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo. Electronic address: moonm@wustl.edu.
• J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2021 Apr 1; 161 (4): 1381-1389.

ObjectiveAs the specialty of cardiothoracic surgery turns the corner into its second century of existence, there has been an uptick in the number of women and underrepresented minorities entering the field, but we have a long way to go before race and gender equity prevails.MethodsIn this report, specific barriers to diversity without exclusion and mechanisms to breakdown these barriers will be explored.ResultsBarriers to inclusion include a long-standing deficiency in exposure, encouragement, mentorship, and sponsorship to actively attract underrepresented groups to the specialty. Diversity will not occur passively. It will take a concerted effort best employed through a top-down approach at the local and national level, and it has to seem normal.ConclusionsCardiothoracic surgery is an outstanding field for anyone and everyone who seeks a challenging, rewarding career, regardless of their gender, race, or ethnic background. It is the responsibility of leadership to dispel the tradition that certain individuals are not welcome.Copyright © 2020 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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