• Francesca Graziano, Rosa Maria Gerardi, Gianluca Scalia, Giacomo Cammarata, Giovanni F Nicoletti, Bipin Chaurasia, and Giuseppe E Umana.
• Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Neurosurgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, Highly Specialized Hospital and of National Importance "Garibaldi", Catania, Italy. Electronic address: fragraziano9@gmail.com.
• World Neurosurg. 2021 Apr 1; 148: 129-135.

BackgroundMedicine has made progress toward gender equality and has achieved almost equal distribution between men and women among graduates. However, more still needs to be done because most surgical subspecialties are still lacking adequate female representation and this persisting gender gap is particularly evident in both practical neurosurgery and the academic world. Gradual advancements have enabled a few women to pursue a successful career in neurologic surgery, pairing clinical practice with mentoring and involvement in academic research. These efforts show that more needs to be done to bridge the historic and current gap, which has recently aroused increasing interest among the neurosurgical community through internationally relevant studies. In neurosurgical societies worldwide, the existence of gender-related issues and women-reserved sections has started to attract attention and recognition on how to properly address this issue among present and future neurosurgeons.MethodsIn this study, we discuss the timeline of women's road to gaining their place in neurosurgery, inspired by Hippocrates' motto "Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future." Although neurosurgery had been traditionally considered too difficult a subject in which to engage, the first female neurosurgeons challenged themselves in this field, previously reserved only for men, at a time when society was not yet ready to embrace women's presence. Their successes paved the way for future generations of women, progressively shedding light on complex themes such as peer considerations, difficulty in reaching academic positions, and work-life balance.ResultsOur aim is to analyze the historic reasons for inequality among men and women, which might be found in the themes of personal choice and willingness, aside from cultural bias or stereotypically based thinking.ConclusionsAccordingly, if the difference in numbers were considered a reality related to personal inclination, perhaps, nobody would pay attention to this topic and the presence of even a few women in neurosurgery would be considered less strange. By thinking along those lines on a daily basis, we could all simply write about the history of valuable neurosurgeons in the past, present, and future without any distinction between men and women.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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